Steering mechanism for automobile vehicles.



No. 692,868.. Patented Feb.

' H. LEMP.

STEERING MECHANISM FOR AUTOMOBILE VEHICLES.

(Application led July 15, 1898.) K

3 Sheets-Shed l.

(No Model.)

l1 f Il mtg No. 6942,868. l Patented Feb.- n, |'9o2-.f

, H. LEMP. 'A STEERING MECHANISM FUR AUTOMOBILE VEHIGLE'S.'

(Application led July 15, 1898.) .l

3 Shasta-*Sheet 2.l

(No Model.)l

INVENTDR. 'vHermeQjn Lmpf fno. 692,368.y I- Patented Fab'. ",1902..

+I. LEMP.. l STH-:filme- MEcHANnsMFo'R AuomoBlLE VEHICLES.

' (Appucatian med .1u1y115, 1898.)

um* A Hemann Lemp, Y

A 5o the action of the locking-valves.

Unire STATES PAENT erica. v

HERMANN LEMP, OF LYNN, MASSACHUSETTS, ASSIGNOR TO AELI'HU THOMSON, OF SWAMPSOOTT, MASSACHUSETTS.

STEERING ECHANISIVI FOR AUTOMOBILE VEHICLES.

' SJPECJIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 692,868, dated February-11, 1902. v

Application tiled July 15, 1898. Serial No. 686,063. (No model.) e

T all 'LU/"wht t nca/y concern:

Be it known that I, HERMANN LEMP, a citizen of the United States, residing at Lynn, v in the county of Essex, State of Massachusetts, have invented certain' new and useful 4Improvements in Automobile Vehicles, (Oase No. 663,) of which the following is a specification.

The successful operation of automobile veio hicles is largely dependent upon the steering device, and up to the-present time it has probably been the cause of more accidents than any other feature. Y My invention has for its objects, first, to

V provide a simple steering mechanism so arranged that the strains to which the wheels are subjected shall not be transferred tothe operating-handle; second, that the vehiclewheels shall be locked in position as soon as zo the pressure is removed from the actuatinghandle; third, that the steering mechanism shall be so arranged that the course of the vehicle can be quickly changed-as, for example, to avoid an obstruction or to turn a corner, and, fourth, that the angular position of the handle shall indicate relatively the angular movement of the wheels.

My invention also relates to certain details of construction more. fully described and 3o claimed hereinafter.

In the-accompanying dra\vings,which show an embodiment of my invention, Figure lis a plan View of a vehicle-frame and steering mechanism. Fig. 2 is a plan view of the hydraulic lock for the steering mechanism with a part of the cover removed. Fig. 3 is a side elevation, partially in section,rof the same. Fig. 4 is a section on line 4 4 of Fig. 3. Fig. 5 is a plan View of the mechanism employed 4o to return the steering-handle to a position where it will kpermit the valves to close and lock -the wheels. Fig. 6 is an endelevation ofthe saine. Fig. 7 is a slight modification of the hydraulic lock in which the piston has ,45 a reciprocating movement instead of a rotary,

as in the tirst'instance. Fig. S is an enlarged view of the piston shown in Fig. 7. Fig. 9 is a plan view of a further modilication in which diaphragms are employed tol control l Fig. l0 is an enlarged sectional detail of the above.

I prefer to use the well-known doubleaxle construction for steering, -which comprises a long front axle rigidly secured to the vehicle-frame and carrying at its extremities two short axles to which the wheels are fastened, the two wheels being coupled together e and to the steering-handle by suitable connecting-rods. l f

Referring toFigs. 1, 5,-and 6, kA represents the vehicle-frame to whichthe axles are rigidly connected, and A the rectangular springsupported frame which carriesthelbodyof the vehicle. The ends of the front axle are provided with forks B, and in these forks are mounted short axles B' for thefwheels B2.

Formed integral with the short axles B are object being to have all the axes converge upon the center of the circle around which the vehicle turns. n

It is of the utmost importance that the wheels of the vehicle shall be controlled easily bythe handle O and that the strains to which the Wheels are subjected due to rough ground or obstructions shall not be transmitted to thehandle. In other words, the wheels ought to beperfectly locked in any position Where they are left by the operator and the strains on the wheels taken up by a locking device, which is free to be unlocked at any moment at the will of the operator. I am aware that various means have been employed to obtain such a result, vsuch as using a Worm-gearinginterposed between the 'steeringhandle and the wheels, based upon the well-known prinkciple that a worm-Wheel may be easily turned by the worm, but the worm cannot readilybe turned by the wheel. The drawback to such an arrangement, however, is that the multiplication being so great, even for slight movements of thecarriage, theworm-wheel has to be given a large number of revolutions, in-

volving a great deal of workon the part of the operator and depriving him of rapidity of motion at times when it is really required. If the pitch of the worm-wheel and the worm is re duced so as to bring the multiplication down to one to two, for instance, the freedom of the steering-handle from wheel strains will be sacrificed, so that the only result will be increased leverage upon the movingmechanism, without, however, releasing the operatorfrom the real strains encountered. I am also aware that other means have been employed, such as complete locks on a quadrant or a heavy frictional resistance upon the steering-rod, which may be released at. times when the steering is desired. The objections to these plans, however, are that at times when' the operator has to use his judgment rapidly he may forget to unlock the lever, or he may be unable to relieve the resistance, and thus produce an accident. The object of the device, to be describeduhereainfter, is tointerposebetween the steering-wheels and the controllinglever an absolute lock which will be released bythe motion of the steering-handle itself and in the direction in which it is desired to move it, and not'by using any outside device requiring thought or separate ine-ans for putting it into operation. All the operator needs is to know how to steer, and the locking and unlockingis taken care of automatically without his knowledge.

Referring to the locking mechanism D, (shown in Figs. l to 6, inelusive,) the outer cup-shaped case D' is bol ted to the fixed axle or some portion of the framework. The space within the casing is divided bythe stationary wall D and the rotary piston E into two fluid-containing chambers D2 and D3. The piston is sleeved upon the operating-shaft F, and is provided with a'central opening to receive the actuator F',which is rigidly secured to the operating-shaft, and also for the purpose of permitting the fiuid under certain conditions, to pass from one chamber to another. I have found glycerin to be a very satisfactory Iiuid with which to fill the chambers D2 and D3 on account of its non-freezing property, but oil or water may be substituted therefor. The sides of the rotary piston are provided with openings E', and these openings are controlled by the springpressed valves E2 E3. These valves are pivotally secured at one side and under normal conditions are retained in their closed position by the spiral springs E. Rigidly secured to the piston-sleeve which surrounds the operatingshaft F is a lever F2, which lever is connected at its outer end to the wheels B2 through the rods B5. It is obvious that for successful operation `of the locking device no air should be allowed to enter the compression-chainbers, and to accomplish this and to keep the chambers D2 and D3 filled with glycerin or other fluid a chamber D5 is provided, which is formed between the top plate G and the cover G. This chamber is filled with the same kind of fluid which fills the chambers D2 and D3, and to prevent the Huid from working outward a packing-ring G2 is placed between the cover and the casing and a stuffing-box Gr3 around the shaft F. The chamberD5 communicates with the opening in the fixed partition D4 by means of the hole G", and the said opening communicates with the chambers D2 and D3 through the passage and the chamber in the piston. If the joints are not perfect and oil is forced from either chamber D2 or D3 during the time when any strain is taking place, the oil forced out will enter chamber D5 and later on flow back to its original place. W'hen for any reason the amount of fluid has been decreased, the chambers can be refilled by removing the plug G and pouring fluid in at the opening thus formed. This is a very convenient arrangement, as it does not necessitate removing the lock from the vehicle. Between the piston E andthe actuator F is a slight amount of lost motion, as shown in Fig. 4.' This is arranged so as to cause the cross-bolt F2 on the actuator to open either valve E2 or E3, depending on which way it is moved. This releases the piston so that the steering mechanism may readily be moved. Assuming that the actuator F is moved to a position where it will open valve E2,the fluid from chamberD2 will pass through the opening E' into the chamber in the piston E and thence through the opening covered by valve E3 into chamber D2. So long as the valve is open and the movement of the piston continued in the same direction the fiuid will'continue to flow; but as soon as the pressure on the operating-handle ceases both valves will close, due to the springs E, and the steering mechanism will be locked in position.

The parts are so arranged that the angular position of the handle C indicates relatively the angle which the vehicle will travel. Assuming that the handle C is pushed to the right, the first part of its travel-as a halfinch, for eXample-\vi1l be occupied in releasing the valve E3, after which the actuator F' will engage with the piston and through it and the lever F2, which is rigidly connected thereto, move the wheels B2 by means of the rods B5. Theinstant the pressure is removed from thehandle the springs EG will cause the valves E2 and E2 to close and the wheels t0 be locked in position.

The check shown in Figs. 5 and (5 contains a slight modification over the one shown in the previous figures. In the check shown in Figs. l to 4, inclusive, the small springs E were depended upon to close the valves and also to bring the actuator Fto an inoperative position. In other words, the springs F. closed the valves E2 and E3 and held the actuator out of operation. I have found when the springs E are stiff enough to accomplish this that when one valve is opened by the cross-bolt the other valve does not IIC:

readily openand permitV the fluid to flow from ceases jection, a triangular` frame L, with springsv forA centralizing the arm L3, is provided,\vhich frame is rigidly secured at one of its apexes 1o ton E. The remaining apexesare connected torods B5, which in turn are connected to r the Wheels. The arm L8 is rigidly connected tothe steering-shaft Ffand lto thelhandleC., 15 Mountedfinrlugs L arespring-pres'sed buffers L2, which tend to holdthearln L3 and fthe valveTactuator F in their midwayposition.'

When the shaft F isrotated eitherside of its central position, it compresses one or jthe other of the buffer-springs', at the same time opening either valve EzorEB, depending'u'pon which way it is rotated. ',After one of the valves has been opened'the wheelsmaybe turned by means of the rods B5; but as soon as the actuator is relieved'fro'm pressure the.

springs L2 will bring the valveactuator F and the arm VL8 to'a central position andI permit.

the springs E6 to Vclos'efthe valvesand lock thewheels. r This arrangement forms 'a de# 3o sirable feature, since itperrn'its of tlieuse of light springsfor closing the valves and strong V springs for centering or'rendering the arm Ls and the actuator F iuoperativewheie by the action of the lock is made more certain and 35 at the same time more sensitive. 4Itfwill be seen that with 'thefstructiire of Figs. Sand 6 the steering strainsare taken care of by the arm Ladand the .triangular fram'e'L in steadof by the actuator F,las in Figs; l to 4o 4. This arrangement permits of the use of strong and substantial parts and ones not liableto be injured. If' during the act of V, steering the Wheels Vmeet With anl obstacle which is greater than the operator isabl'eY Vto 45 overcome by theoperating-handle, the pres-4 sure'iofV the Wheels on the steering mechanism willlcause the valves to shut, andthe strain Y. Willrbe takenA by the lock, the Wheels mean; lwhile being rigidlylocked'inplace. In other Words, as4 thecylinder tendsyt'omove VWith re-l spect to .the piston 'the fluid in the compression'chamber, aided bythe springs E, closes g the valve and'prevents thepassage of fluid from one chamber to anothenl With Vthis arrangement itis impossible for the Wheelsv to be wrenched outof th'e'controlfol"v the op# erato'r.. fr The importance of a perfectlocking mechanis'm cannot 'be overestimated4 in a vehicle of the'charac'te'r'described,'and.where thevehicle isto be'used ina city having car-tracks and `Cobble-stones it becomes amatter of abwsolute necessity. By'arranging the lock-releasing mechanism so'tha'tit requires no mental effort on the part of the'bperaftoror a j movement other than the' customary one to steer tlievehicle, instead of a lock controlled to the sleeve-like hub or extension of the pisbya separate handle, onesource of dangeris l remo'vedQ4-namely,l that .of ftheopera'tor becoming confusedwhen itis necessary'to make a quick- 'turn to avoid a collision and- 'forget ting toV actuate the separatevhandleAWhich controls the locking' mechanism.

rn Figs: v and s leave shown a sligliemtdi ication-ofmy hydraulic lock which operates in a similar manner, but is' cheaper 4to construct'.than"`the one previously described.

Pivotally;supportedfonthe front stationary axle is a cylinder D', and mountedfoi 'reciprocating movement Within they cylinderI is a' handle CA through a ,lost-motion' connection, Thepiston ,E is' attached to the .tubeElib'y a 8o l piston E,`wh`ich` is connected tothe operatin fork'H, andat thevouter end ofthe tube islak i head whienlooseiy'surmqnc's meieyer Fa'. The `piston E isprovided with packing-V rings `:e, vwhich aresecured 'in place'bfy the,... metalrings e". Mounted withinthe ytubejsl ya rod'F4, vvhich ispivotally connectedt the lever Fa at one end-and to the;op'positelyatztgy` ingvalves E? and Eaft thebther.y Ez-tend- 4 ingthrough' the center ofthe piston is an openf tweenth'e'head H 'and the lever Ff* is'aslight 'ing e2, which is' "normally closed at itslenfds v,by the spring-pressed valvesE2 and E3'.v I Be-v amount of lost niotion, so`th'at at the start the lever will 'move a short distance beforefit afi i'ectsfthe tube E4, and piston E.. This cat isesY `the proper valve to open and permit the'lid on one side of the piston `to v4passthrough the opening e2 in the jpiston' to the, other side;

roov

VAssn ming that the right-'hand valve is opened, v the Huid win now fwn/the right-.hand siae'pf valve 'Esagain 4 the cylinderthroughthe opening e2,raisingthe;` ,y

ytheaction of the spiral coin? 'pression-spr g e3., As soon asvthisv isvdone.l` r ay befrnov'ed'tovvard therightas elyalve remains open; vbut as soon asgthisvalve shuts valve ,E3 will;v shut g also and the' piston will be ,locked-between' IIO , two fluid bodies. The Wheels Baresupported on short axles, as described in connectionv WithfFig. 1,V except that the levers B?? extend. parallel nto the wheels instead of at an angle,

(andtwo levers F5 and F6 are Aemployed'in-- stead of one. By changing thelength of thel .Y

lever-F the effect ofthe lock upon thewheels caribe varied asdesired.

innige. @and 1o I have Shbwnamtdiea tionof the hydraulic lock i'nwhich the cylin der E "is arranged tomove while the pistons are held'stationary. zMounted upon the'slta-,-

tionary front axle' is a casting I, having armsl and connecting the opposite vendsof 'the cyl- I', in Whicharexnounted thepistons Fand 13; Surrounding the pistons is the cylinder 'E,i,

inder With'the Wheels are rodxsrB'. Pix/Totally i supported in the casting I is an actuatorFf,4 `which 'is controlled by the l mainoperating?l handle. Thecylinder Eis divided in thecenf.v

ter by a casting J, andthrough ,thisgcasting ,.1 passes the actuator F. Mounted Withinthis y f lcasting are two diaphragme J i and ,J 2,. which Aare'con-'ne'cted bya rcctangularbloclcJ. Se:

cured to each diaphragm on the side away fromthe actuator is a pin J4, which is so arranged that as soon as the diaphragm is deflected it will raise one of the spring-pressed valves from the valve-seat. In the upper part of the casting is formed a Huid-chamber J5, which communicates with the chambers K and K by means of the passages K2. Situated on opposite sides'of the actuator are spring-pressed oppositely-actuated valves E? and E3. These valves are normally retained in the position shown by means of the compression-springs c?. Assuming that it is desired tomove the wheels so that they point toward the left, the actuator is moved so that it will deiiect the diaphragm J2 and cause the pin J4 to lift the valve E3. This will permit the Huid to pass from the right-hand side of the piston through the chamber K, passages K2, and chamber J5,i nto the chamber K into the left-hand side of the cylinder, and at the same time the cylinder E may bepushed bodily to the right, causing the wheels to be deiiected to the left. As the cylinder moves toward the right the eect is to push the piston I2 inward and to withdraw the piston I3. This causes the i'luid in the right-hand chamber to pass into the left-hand chamber and check any sudden movement of the wheels.

My invention has been shown in connection with a vehicle which is propelled by an electric motor; but it is evident that it may be applied to vehicles which are propelled by other sources of energy.

What I claim as new, and desire to secure by Letters Patent of the United States, is-

l. In a locking mechanism for two elements which are movable with respect to each other, the combination ot' a divided receptacle, a passive `fluid which [ills the receptacle, an operator mechanism connected to one ofthe elements, and means for transferring more or less of the fluid from one part of the receptacle to the other, the amount of iluid thus transferred being in proportion to the movement of the operator.

V 2. Inalocking mechanism,the combination of a fixed and a moving element, a receptacle, a passive iiuid which fills the receptacle, a means capable of dividing the receptacle into compartments which are alike or unlike in size depending upon its position, and a handle which is connected to the said means, the relation of parts being such that the movement of the handle regulates the amount of fluid transferred from one compartment to another.

3. In a steering-check for vehicles, the combination of a steering-wheel, ahandle mechanically connected thereto,a receptacle containing a body of passive iuid, means connected to the handle which divides the receptacle into compartments,and positively transfers the iiuid from one compartment to another during the act of steering, and means for checking this transfer of fluid when for any reason the transfer tends to take place faster than is permitted by the handle, as

ceases `would be the `case when the steering-wheel struck a road obstruction.

4E. In a steering mechanism for vehicles, the combination of an axle, a hydraulic locking device for the axle, a handle for steering the vehicle and controlling the operation of the hydraulic lock under normal conditions, and means for rendering the locking automatic when undue pressure'is applied to the axle.

5. Inasteering mechanism forvehicles, the combination of an axle, a locking mechanism comprising a piston and cylinder, a valve controlling the operation of the locking mechanism, and means connected to the axle for moving it, and for controlling the operation of the valve.

6. In asteering mechanism for vehicles, the combination of an axle, a locking mechanism comprising a piston and cylinder, a pair of valves controlling the action of the piston, a handle mechanically connected to the axle for steering the vehicle and controlling the operation of the valves, and a lost-motion connection between the handle and the valves, whereby the latter may close When the axle is subjected to sudden strains.

7. In asteering mechanism for vehicles, the combination of an axle, a locking mechanism comprising a piston and cylinder, oppositelyacting valves controlling the action ot' the locking mechanism, and a handle for steering the vehicle and controlling the operation of the valves, the relation between the handle and the locking and steering mechanism belOO ing such that one of the valves is released each time the handle isv moved from a position of rest.

8. In a steering mechanism for vehicles, the combination of an axle, a locking mechanism comprising a piston and cylinder, a pair of oppositely-acting valves mounted on the piston, a handle for moving the axle, and a connection between the handle and the axle, having a certain amount of lost motion.

9. In an automobile vehicle, the combination of a steering wheel or Wheels, a hydraulic locking mechanism for holding the wheel or Wheels and preventing the transmission of Wheel strains to the steering device, and a manual steering device which is mechanically connected to the steering-wheels and is so arranged that a movement in either direction from the position which it last occupied will first release the lock and then move the steering wheel or wheels.

10. In a steering mechanism, the combination of a steering device, a divided receptacle forming a part of a hydraulic locking mechanism, a passive iiuid which fills the receptacle, a handle mechanically connected with the steering device, and means actuated by the handle for positively transferring or setting in motion the iiuid Within the receptacle.

ll. In a hydraulic lock for vehicle-Wheels, the combination of a cylinder which is attached to the vehicle-frame, a piston connected to the vehicle-Wheels, fluid-chambers on IIC i lfling'thepassage of fluid betvveen'thefcham-f' 'L ss each side of the piston, a valve in the pistonv for regulating it-s action, a reservoircontain-l ing fluid, and arpassage 'connecting the reservoir with one of the chambers.

the combination of a cylinder which is attached-to the vehicle-frame, an operating.- shaft, a piston sleeved onlthe shaft and connected by suitable means with the vehicleon the operating-shaft for opening the valves.

13. vjl-n an automobile vehicle,'the combina-v tion of-a pair of steering-wheels, a cylinder; a I5 therein, a rotaryk piston mounted for Vmovement therein, means for releasing the piston, a

a steering-handle forjmovingthe piston-,and `a lost-motion connectionfbetween'the piston and the steering-handled; 1 Y 14. In anautomobile vehicl e,"the combinaf'piston and a fixed; partitionpvalves control-fV ners, a shaft formovingthewheeis, annata-f ingwheels, anda piston'and cylinder constituting a dashpot,whereb y the 'transmission of vented. -f

, 416.' In adevicefor checking movement between'two elements or members which are vmovable with respect to each other, 'the'combination of a cylinder, a pistoman actuator,a

- normally quiescent body of fluid, and a valve 'Whichis normally opened and closedlby the actuator, but which is automatically closed -when a sudden movement is imparted to one 5o of lthe said members".`

" 17. In combination, two elements which are movable with respect to each other, an'actuator, ahydraulic locking mechanism between the elements which,`,under-ordinary operat ing conditions, is controlled by the actuator, land ne'ansfor rendering the operation'of the locking mechanism automatic when, forv any reason, the'elem'ent-s tend toA move with respect to each other w 6o the actuator." f

combination of an actuator, a'locking'mechanism consisting of a 'cylinder lled with 65 fluid, a pist-on Working thereima valve'` `for controlling thefluid tvithin'the cylinder,`

' y 12. In a hydraulic lockv for vehicle-wheels,

Wheels, huid-chambers on each side ,of the piston; valves on the piston,and an actuator body of normally' quiescent fluid containedA i `arranged' that itsfangular"positionfi vvtorm'ounte(ion the shafawhfichislso arranged'. .that itrst v.opens one ot=thevalv es',fandthen .xmoves the wheels', anda:reservoirfori-mainef` tai'ning'afbody of 'fluidinfthechambers;y

i 15.I'n alvehicle, the combination of a"dou 'ble-'axle suspension for thefsteering-vvheels,l fannperating-handle for'- manually changing the position of thewhe'els, afvertically-extnding shaft connecting said .handle tothe steen.l

Wheel strainsl tothe operatinglhandle is prehout the assistance of Y lN18; In a device for checking suddenmovements between' twomovable members, the' desired to move the members with respect to each other, but which is automatically closed when one membertends to move with respect to the other Without the aid of `the actuator.

19. In a steering mechanism, thecombination of ahandle .whichis connected to a steer-r ing-Wheel andis capable of assuming a n n n1- ber ofpositions with respect to the normal or startingposition, and a hydraulic lool; for

ally-operated handle' sec (relatively the direction ofv lock composed of bod [no part lin the' ct of v in f i sleeved-.on .the shaft,-

coupledztolthe ysteer y spri ng' connectionbet een he' sh steering apparatus I i 22. VI nl a lcheckingV mechanism nation of-a cylinder', apiston, a` ti sitelyacting valvesjmount'ed on Ythe Apiston for opening'the valves.

nation of a cylinder, :a piston sleeved on a vshaft and mounted for movement'within the cylinder, which piston is providedwithacen tralopening, an actuator for the piston mount` nected with the piston-actuator for actuating the yyalve.V

24,' In combination, tvvo elcments'which 'a limited movementV With respect to'eachv other, afhydr'aulic lock between thet'wofelel ments, composed'of a body of fluid which theelements, and valves forcontrolling the lockthat operate automaticallyirrespective and a lhydraulic lock' for-controlling thcfwf Which is opened by the actuator when it is the steering-Wheel which is operativein eaclr Y wheel strikes'anobstr'uction andjtendsto l,

handle.- l 1 and covering the opening therein, andmeans: f

` 23; IIn a checking mechanism, the conlbif e'dWithin Athe opening therein, a valve'covering the opening in the piston, and lmeans con2 `are mounted in such manner that th'eyhave f "12o takesno partin the act of 'moving'either of l 125 f the positionwhich the elernentsoccupy` `betweenthe steering device andsaid means,

tion thereimthe partition and pistonV p to 1 divide the cylinderlinto.two:chambers, opp'o rio i tion of the parts, which is released when the spring is compressed.

2G. In a self-propelled vehicle, the combination of steering-wheels having a doubleaxle suspension, rods connecting the axles, a frame to which the rods are secured, an actuator for moving the frame, springs between the rods and the actuator, and means for locking the wheels as soon as the actuatoris relieved from pressure.

27. In a locking or checking device, the combination of a cylinder, a rotary piston mounted therein, a fixed partition in the cylinder; the piston and partition uniting to divide the cylinder into two chambers, a fluid body in said chamber, and a third chamber which acts as a reservoir and is situated above the other and in connection therewith.

28. In an automobile vehicle, the combination of a pair of steering-wheels, a steeringhandle connected to the wheels, a cylinder, a rotary piston mounted for movement therein, means for moving the piston, a lost-motion connection between the piston and the steering-handle, and valves for checking the 1 transmission of wheel strains to the steeringerator, means whereby said handle can act to actuate a steering mechanism, and a hydraulic lock normally operative but unlocked as long as pressure is applied to the handle, andv means for closing said lock if the steering mechanism tends to be thrown in the wrong direction.

31. The combination of two elements which are movable with respect to each other, a hydraulic lock comprising a piston and a cylinder; a body of fluid surrounding the piston, a body of passive fluid in communication with the first for preventing a decrease in the amount of duid in the cylinder; and also for preventing the entrance of air, and a detachable partition between the piston and said body of passive fluid.

32. The combination of two elements which are movable with respect to each other, a piston and cylinder constituting a check for the moving elements, a body of passive fluid illing the cylinder on both sides of the piston, a reservoir composed of a top and a removable partition also containing a passive body of fluid which surrounds the Working parts of the check in such a manner that it prevents the entrance of air into the cylinder.

33. In a hydraulic` lock, the combination of a piston and cylinder, a passive body of fluid located in the cylinder-packing between the moving and stationary parts of the lock, a reservoir located above the joints between the parts of the hydraulic lock, and having a gi'ooved periphery,which groove contains fluid means for closing .the reservoir, and a body of passive luid within the reservoir which prevents the entrance of air to the cylinder.

3l. In a steeringmechanism for vehicles, the combination of steering-wheels mounted independently, a mechanical connection` between 4the wheels, a single locking device for holding both wheels in any desired position, a steering -handle for moving the wheels, means whereby the movement of the handle in the proper direction for steering releases the locking device, and moves the wheels and a spring and lost-motion connection for causing the locking device to be reset when pressure is removed from the handle.

35. In a vehicle, the combination of a ixed axle, hangers securedto the ends thereof,

`short axles each carrying a wheel mounted inthe hangers, a pair of jointed rods which connect the short axles, a steering-handle which is connected to each rod through a lost-motion connection, and-a locking mechanism for preventing wheel strains from being transmitted to the handle, composed of two parts, one of said parts being rigidly connected to the vehicle-frame, while the second part is connected to the steering-handle through said lostmotion connection.

36. In a vehicle, the combination of a fixed axle, hangers secured to the ends thereof, short axles mounted in the hangers, connections between said short axles, a steeringhandle operatively connected to the Wheels, a locking device composed of two principal parts, one of which is secured to the fixed axle and is concentrically arranged with respect to the center of movement of the steering-shaft, a second part capable of moving around the axis of the shaft as a center and arranged to be locked and unlocked with respect to the first-mentioned part, and means carried by the handle for controlling the locking and unlocking.

37. In a steering apparatus for vehicles, a controlling member having a swinging movement to steer, an axle, wheel-spindles pivoted thereto, an arm set at an angle on each spindle, and connections intermediate the spindlearms and controlling member, including a double-acting lock, the initial steering movement of said controlling member operating to release said lock thereby permitting continued movement of the controlling member to change the angular position of the Wheelspindles.

38. A steering wheel or wheels, a manually- ICO operated controller to change the position thereof, locking means tomaintaiu the same in a given position, saidwheel orwheels beingoperatively connected with a rotative member of said means, a release device connected with the controller, the latter and the rotative member being also connected but having a limited relative movement to operate the releasing device, and means to thereafter effect movement of the said rotative zo member by the controller (independent of the releasing device. v l In Witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand this 1st day of July, l1898.

i HERMANN LEMR Witnesses:

A. .F. lVIAoDoNALD, DUGALD MoKILLoP. 

